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Gyroscopes maintain their orientation in space and are used in navigation systems for aircraft, ships, and spacecraft.
Hydraulic systems use incompressible fluid to transfer force ā they power everything from car brakes to excavators.
The first satellite, Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957.
Quantum computing uses quantum bits (qubits) that can be 0, 1, or both simultaneously, unlike classical binary bits.
Nanotechnology deals with materials at the scale of 1ā100 nanometers ā a human hair is about 80,000ā100,000 nm wide.
The electric light bulb is often attributed to Edison, but at least 22 inventors worked on incandescent lights before him.
Steel was a rare luxury material in the ancient world ā mass production became possible only in the 19th century.
Airplanes use Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law together to generate lift.
Artificial neural networks are inspired by, but not modeled closely on, biological neural networks in brains.
The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg around 1440 accelerated the Renaissance and Reformation.
Blockchain technology underlies cryptocurrencies but is also used for supply chain tracking and secure voting systems.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices embedded with sensors and software to exchange data.
Nuclear reactors generate electricity by using the heat from controlled fission chain reactions to boil water and spin turbines.
The first steam engine was described by Hero of Alexandria in the first century AD, nearly 1,700 years before the Industrial Revolution.
Solar panels are made from silicon wafers and convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
The first computer virus, Creeper, spread across ARPANET in 1971 and displayed the message 'I'm the creeper ā catch me if you can!'
Fiber optic cables transmit data as pulses of light and can carry thousands of simultaneous communications.
The concept of a touchscreen dates to 1965; the first commercially successful touchscreen phone was the iPhone in 2007.
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) work by using electric fields to orient liquid crystal molecules that block or transmit light.
CRISPR gene-editing technology is based on a natural immune defense mechanism found in bacteria.
The microwave oven was invented accidentally when Percy Spencer noticed a radar magnetron melted a chocolate bar in his pocket.
Velcro was invented in 1941 by Swiss engineer George de Mestral after he noticed burrs sticking to his dog's fur.
The first programmable electronic general-purpose computer, ENIAC, weighed 27 tons and consumed 150 kilowatts of power.
Moore's Law observed that transistor density on chips doubles approximately every two years ā this held for roughly 50 years.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses a minimum of 24 satellites to provide worldwide coverage.
The scanning tunneling microscope allows scientists to image individual atoms on a surface.
Carbon fiber is 5 times stronger than steel but 5 times lighter, making it revolutionary in aerospace and automotive design.
The first photograph ever taken required an 8-hour exposure time in 1826.
3D printing (additive manufacturing) was invented in the 1980s ā early machines cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.
The lithium-ion battery, now powering billions of devices, was developed in the 1970sā80s by researchers including John Goodenough.
Modern GPS relies on Einstein's theory of relativity ā without relativistic corrections, GPS would drift by miles per day.
The first hard disk drive, released by IBM in 1956, weighed over a ton and stored just 5 MB of data.
The transistor, invented in 1947, made modern computers possible by replacing bulky vacuum tubes.
The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while working at CERN in Switzerland.
The binary code underlying all computing was formalized by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the late 17th century.
WiFi was partly developed using technology from radio astronomy research trying to detect exploding black holes.
The first mechanical computer, the Difference Engine, was designed by Charles Babbage in 1822 but never fully built.
The concept of email predates the internet ā early forms existed on mainframe computer networks in the 1960s.
A modern smartphone has more computing power than NASA had during the Apollo moon missions.
The internet was originally called ARPANET and was designed by the US military to survive a nuclear attack.
The first computer bug was a literal bug ā Grace Hopper's team found a moth trapped in a Harvard Mark II relay in 1947.
Eating at night doesn't inherently cause more weight gain ā total caloric intake over time is what matters.
The global banana trade is dominated by a single variety, the Cavendish, making it vulnerable to disease.
Insects are the most efficient converters of feed to protein ā they produce 80% less greenhouse gas than cattle.
Tahini, made from sesame seeds, contains more calcium per tablespoon than a glass of milk.
Blue cheese gets its distinctive veins from Penicillium mold injected into it during production.
The pungent smell of durian comes from sulfur compounds similar to those found in onions and garlic.
Miso paste can be aged for up to three years, developing increasingly complex flavors.
A cucumber is 96% water, making it one of the most water-dense solid foods.
Hard-boiled eggs spin smoothly; raw eggs wobble because the liquid inside keeps moving.