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Loneliness is a greater risk factor for early death than obesity, and comparable to smoking 15 cigarettes a day.
The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were the fastest vaccines ever developed ā building on decades of prior mRNA research.
CRISPR has been used to correct sickle cell disease in patients ā marking a milestone in gene therapy.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause is one of the most evidence-supported and under-prescribed treatments in medicine.
The discovery of insulin in 1921 transformed Type 1 diabetes from a fatal disease to a manageable condition.
Cancer is not one disease but hundreds of distinct diseases, each with different causes, behaviors, and treatments.
Robotic surgery allows for more precise, minimally invasive procedures with smaller incisions and faster recovery.
MDMA (ecstasy) is being tested in clinical trials as a therapy for PTSD ā results have been promising.
Childhood adversity (ACEs ā adverse childhood experiences) is one of the strongest predictors of adult health outcomes.
The tuberculosis vaccine, BCG, is the most widely administered vaccine in the world.
Sepsis ā the body's extreme response to infection ā kills 11 million people annually, more than most cancers.
Telemedicine expanded dramatically during COVID-19 and has been shown to be as effective as in-person care for many conditions.
Ultra-processed food consumption is strongly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and early death.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has dramatically reduced cervical cancer rates in vaccinated populations.
Genetic testing can identify mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 that dramatically increase breast and ovarian cancer risk.
The surgeon's checklist, based on aviation safety protocols, has reduced surgical deaths by over 40% in hospitals that use it.
Exercise is among the most evidence-supported interventions for depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline.
Meditation measurably changes brain structure ā regular practitioners show differences in grey matter density.
Chronic inflammation is increasingly linked to heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's.
The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from pathogens in the blood but also makes it hard to deliver drugs to the brain.
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting over 280 million people.
Handwashing, introduced to medicine by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847, met resistance from the medical establishment ā he died before it was accepted.
Alzheimer's disease is now thought to begin 20 years before symptoms appear ā early detection research is focused on this window.
CAR-T cell therapy ā engineered immune cells ā has achieved remarkable results against some previously untreatable cancers.
The human gut contains about 100 times more DNA from microorganisms than from human cells.
Type 2 diabetes can be reversed through significant weight loss and dietary changes in many cases.
The appendix was once thought vestigial but is now known to harbor beneficial gut bacteria.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is called the 'silent killer' ā it causes damage without symptoms until serious complications arise.
The average human carries about 200 different viruses, most entirely harmless.
Stem cell therapies are approved for certain blood cancers and are being tested for Parkinson's, diabetes, and spinal injuries.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has the strongest evidence base of any psychotherapy for conditions like depression and anxiety.
MRI technology was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2003 ā it uses magnetic fields and radio waves, not radiation.
The most lethal pandemic in recorded history was the 1918 influenza, killing an estimated 50ā100 million people.
Anesthesia was introduced in 1846 ā before that, surgery was performed while patients were conscious.
The placebo effect can measurably reduce pain, improve Parkinson's symptoms, and even shrink tumors in some cases.
Antibiotic resistance kills an estimated 700,000 people per year and could kill 10 million by 2050 without action.
Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize pathogens ā smallpox was the first vaccine, developed by Edward Jenner in 1796.
Aspirin has been found to reduce risk of colorectal cancer with regular use.
The germ theory of disease ā that microorganisms cause illness ā was only widely accepted in the 1860sā70s, after work by Pasteur and Koch.
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can cure recurrent C. difficile infections ā an example of microbiome medicine.
The human microbiome ā trillions of microorganisms living in and on the body ā outnumbers human cells.
The concept of hell as a place of punishment varies dramatically across world religions ā Buddhism's naraka is temporary, not eternal.
In Greek mythology, the Fates (Moirai) spun, measured, and cut the thread of every mortal life.
Shamanism ā the practice of entering altered states to interact with spiritual worlds ā is found on every inhabited continent.
The ancient Egyptians had over 2,000 distinct deities at various points in their religious history.
In Chinese mythology, the Jade Emperor rules heaven and earth from his celestial palace.
The Popol Vuh is the Mayan creation myth ā humanity was made from maize after earlier attempts from mud and wood failed.
Angels appear in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Zoroastrianism ā a shared feature of Abrahamic traditions.
In Aztec mythology, the sun and moon were created when two gods threw themselves into a fire at Teotihuacan.
The Dao De Jing, foundational text of Taoism, is the world's second most translated text after the Bible.